Trademark as a Data Message and a Comparative Analysis of the Approaches of Iranian and American Law
Keywords:
Trademark, Data Message, Cyberspace, Electronic Transactions, Iranian LawAbstract
Today, electronic commerce, facilitated by the Internet and cyberspace, has become one of the unavoidable phenomena of human life. Cyberspace has created a situation in which an individual or individuals from one corner of the world can communicate with another individual or group on the opposite side of the globe and conclude the largest commercial transactions and contracts without ever having met each other in person. In this context, many of these exchanges and transactions are conducted on the basis of a trademark through which one or both parties introduce themselves to the other party. In contemporary electronic and Internet-based transactions concluded throughout the world, trademarks function as data messages and constitute the central element of electronic and online commercial and economic exchanges. This issue, in itself, is a subject that entails various legal dimensions and aspects and may provide grounds for extensive legal analyses. The objective of the present study is to examine and assess the possibility of recognizing a data message as a trademark and to analyze the approach of Iranian law toward this issue.
References
Akbari, M. (2005). An examination of legal barriers to the development of electronic buying and selling in Iran. Institute for Trade Studies and Research.
Amani, T. (2008). Laws and regulations of intellectual property rights, national and international. Behnami Publications.
Amiri, H. (2009). Enforcement of industrial property rights in World Trade Organization regulations and Iranian law. Mizan Publishing.
Bajaj, D. (1998). From electronic data interchange (EDI) to electronic commerce. Institute for Trade Studies and Research.
Bakhtiarvand, M. (2005). A comparative study of the rules governing electronic transactions. In Proceedings of the Conference on Legal Aspects of Information Technology. Salsabil Publications.
Bentes, D. (1987). Intellectual Property, Policy and International Negotiation (Vol. 212).
Bosland, J. (2005). The culture of trademarks: An alternative cultural theory perspective. Media & Arts Law Review, 10(2).
Bresners, T. D. (2009). Description in the transformation and evolution of the trademark from signals to symbols to myth. Trademark Reporter, 82.
Edalat, E. (2002). Electronic commerce. Electronic Commerce and Computer Journal(1).
Ghiyasi, F. (2012). Domain name and trademark Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University].
Gholamreza, F. (2014). The legal nature of trademark licensing agreements Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University].
Gholizadeh Nouri, F. (2000). Microsoft Computer Dictionary: Explanatory dictionary of computer terms. Kanun Nashr-e Olum Publications.
Hamideh, B. (2008). Civil liability arising from infringement of intellectual property Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran].
Hart, T., & Fazzani, L. (2000). Intellectual Property Law.
Hill, J. E. (2006). The future of electronic contracts in the field of international sales. Journal of the Center for International Legal Affairs, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Deputy of the Presidency(35).
Jafarzadeh, M. (2008). Intellectual property law and international trade.
Jafarzadeh, S. Q. (2011). An introduction to the law of intellectual creations.
Kapfer, J. (2007). A process model of brand co-creation: Brand management and research implications. Journal of Product & Brand Management.
Karimi, M. H. (2010). Trademarks in Iranian law. Majd Publications.
Karoubi, M. T., & Eqbal, M. (2005). Digital signature in electronic communications: Legal dimensions of cyberspace in light of national development. Bogheh Publishing.
Katouzian, N. (1995). Obligations outside contract. University of Tehran Press and Publications Institute.
Kinia, M. (2009). Electronic signature: In accordance with French law. Mizan Publishing.
Land, W. M., & Posner, R. A. (2003). The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Mashayekhi, S. (2010). An examination of international rules governing trademarks with a study of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch].
Mazaheri, R., & Nazem, A. (2009). Evidentiary value of data messages and electronic signatures. Nameh-ye Mofid(70).
Najafi Esfad, M., & Davari, S. F. (2012). Resolution of disputes arising from trademark registration in Iranian law and international instruments and practice. Khorsandi Publications.
Naseri, F. (2010). Formation of electronic contracts and their admissibility in courts Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University].
Nouri, A. (2006). Rights of trademark owners Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University].
Nourshargh Dehghani, J. (2010). Electronic contracts Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch].
Pourmohammadi, S. (2013). Industrial property in the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention. Legal Journal of Justice(50-51).
Qadak, A. (2008). Law of trademarks, trade names, and geographical indications.
Qajar Qeyounlou, S. (1995). A comparative study of evidence in digital environments. Supreme Council of Informatics.
Qajar Qeyounlou, S. (2002). Evidentiary value of evidence in digital environments under Iranian law. Supreme Council of Informatics.
Saberi, A. (2002). Introduction to electronic commerce and its infrastructures. ISI Iran Institute.
Savaei, P. (2011). A critique of the Electronic Commerce Law. Legal Research Journal, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University(60).
Savaei, P. (2012). The scope of the Electronic Commerce Law: A legal analysis of Article One. Legal Research Journal of Shahid Beheshti University(57).
Schware, R., & Kimberly, P. (1998). Information technology and national trade facilitation. Institute for Trade Studies and Research.
Shabani, M. (2015). Reference in data messages Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University].
Shams, A. (2009). Property rights in commercial and industrial marks. SAMT Publications.
Sillman, J. C. (2010). The process of forming electronic contracts: New rules for new commerce. Monthly Journal of the Association of Notaries and Assistant Notaries(49).
Verbauwhede, L. (2002). Intellectual property issues in advertising. Sage Publication
Vesali, M. (2000). Analysis of the rules relating to trademarks in Iranian law Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran].
Vesali Naseh, M. (2006). Electronic contract and the foundations of its validity. Bar Association Journal(66).
Yazdanpanah, R. (2014). Trademark licensing agreement Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University].
Zarkalam, S. (2003). Electronic signature and its place in the system of evidence in litigation. Modares Humanities Journal, 7(1).
Zarkalam, S. (2005). Electronic Commerce Law and the electronic alphabet. In Proceedings of the Conference on Legal Aspects of Information Technology. Salsabil Publications.
Downloads
Publication Timeline
- Submitted
- Revised
- Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mojtaba Horri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
