Legal Studies in Digital Age In Press 2027 03 01 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technology on the Legal Liability of Transnational Corporations in International Transactions: Challenges and Emerging Legal Solutions The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technology on the Legal Liability of Transnational Corporations in International Transactions: Challenges and Emerging Legal Solutions 1 10 EN Journal Article 2026 02 10 <p>In the digital era, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and smart contracts have fundamentally transformed the traditional structure of commercial transactions and the conceptualization of legal liability for transnational corporations. While these technologies enhance efficiency and transparency and reduce transaction costs, they simultaneously raise novel legal questions concerning the legal personality of machines, the establishment of causation, the allocation of liability across production and supply chains, and the legal validity of self-executing contracts. Accordingly, in light of the unprecedented integration of these technologies into international commercial agreements, this article seeks to develop a coherent legal framework governing the liability of transnational corporations and to bridge the gap between technological efficiency and the traditional principles of contract law. This study adopts an analytical–critical approach and relies on library-based sources and international legal instruments to examine the legal challenges arising from automated decision-making, the role of oracles, algorithmic discrimination, and regulatory deficiencies within both the Iranian legal system and international legal frameworks. The findings indicate that the absence of a clear legal framework regarding the legal personality of artificial intelligence, risk-based civil liability, and ex ante oversight of algorithms has contributed to persistent regulatory uncertainty and diminished investor confidence. Finally, the article proposes several innovative legal solutions, including the recognition of a limited legal personality for intelligent systems, the establishment of mandatory insurance funds, the development of algorithmic transparency standards, and the creation of a specialized supervisory authority for artificial intelligence. These measures are intended to preserve fundamental legal principles while fostering innovation and ensuring legal certainty for commercial actors.</p> https://www.jlsda.com/index.php/lsda/article/download/422/342