Legal Studies in Digital Age 5 Serial Number 15 2026 04 01 Legal Effects of Contractual and Mandatory Insurance Liabilities in Smart Contracts under Iranian, Iraqi, and Egyptian Law Legal Effects of Contractual and Mandatory Insurance Liabilities in Smart Contracts under Iranian, Iraqi, and Egyptian Law 1 9 10.61838/kman.lsda.244 EN Journal Article 2025 06 16 <p>This study examines the insurance contract — an agreement under which one party (the insurer) undertakes, in exchange for a certain payment or payments from the other party (the insured), to compensate for incurred losses or to pay a specified sum. Accordingly, insurance functions as an effective mechanism for risk management and loss compensation. On the other hand, the use of smart technologies in this field facilitates information sharing, increases execution speed, simplifies utilization, reduces costs, saves time, and enables more efficient service delivery to citizens. The central question is to what extent this digitalization has been implemented, developed, or anticipated within the national laws of different countries. Based on this inquiry, the present article focuses on the legal frameworks governing smart insurance contracts in Iran, Iraq, and Egypt. The significance of this study lies in its comparative analysis of the legal structures in these three countries and its evaluation of how legal instruments are leveraged to advance smart insurance systems. The research method is descriptive-analytical. First, the existing legal provisions in each of the three jurisdictions are described, and then their differences and practical functions are analyzed. Findings indicate that all three countries have provided the necessary legal structures for delivering insurance services in key areas such as healthcare, general insurance services, motor insurance, and other critical sectors; however, the level of smart technology adoption varies. Iran is among the most advanced countries in the region regarding smart insurance, with its insurance companies widely utilizing digital technologies, smart contracts, and data analytics. In contrast, Iraq remains at the early stages of developing smart insurance compared to Iran and Egypt and still requires strengthening of technological infrastructure and expansion of digital systems.</p> https://www.jlsda.com/index.php/lsda/article/download/244/205