Civil Liability of the State for Violations of the Right to Peaceful Protest in Light of International Instruments
Keywords:
principle of protection, prevention of harm, principle of proportionality, guarantee-based responsibilityAbstract
State civil liability, as one of the pillars of democratic systems and an important component of the public sphere, continues to face challenges and insufficient development despite societal progress. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this study examines the civil liability of the state as well as its key components at the international level, including the duty to protect, the obligation to prevent harm, the proportionality of measures, and, ultimately, the obligation to guarantee and compensate for damages incurred. The findings indicate that although the theories of fault and risk, including liability arising from harmful legislation, have been recognized in domestic law, numerous legal and structural gaps—particularly the absence of institutions such as a constitutional court for the effective protection of citizens’ rights—constitute serious obstacles to the effective compensation of individuals harmed by state actions. These deficiencies have resulted in the inadequacy of existing mechanisms for vindicating citizens’ rights in cases involving harm caused by state conduct. To address these challenges, measures such as reforming existing laws, establishing special compensation funds for victims, and strengthening oversight of the conduct of state authorities and forces are proposed. These measures are intended to address legal and operational deficiencies, safeguard citizens’ rights, and reinforce the foundations of democracy and the rule of law within civil society.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Abdollah Ghaderi (Author); Haneh Farkish; Arkan Sharifi (Author)
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